O conflito no Sudão do Sul, que eclodiu a 15 de dezembro de 2013 em resultado da luta pelo poder no seio do SPLM entre o Presidente Salva Kirr e o seu adjunto, Riek Machar, transformou-se num verdadeiro conflito étnico. Inicialmente, o conflito foi desencadeado por uma luta pelo poder político no seio do SPLM. No entanto, acabou por se tornar um conflito étnico entre os grupos étnicos Dinka e Nuer, arrastando a mais recente nação do mundo para a devastação e o colapso total. O conflito já assumiu uma dimensão étnica, com os dois grupos étnicos dominantes a lutarem pelo poder político e pelo controlo dos recursos naturais. Embora a IGAD tenha facilitado e mediado mais de oito rondas de conversações de paz desde o início do conflito, nenhuma delas foi bem sucedida no restabelecimento de uma paz duradoura no Sudão do Sul. Isto deve-se, em parte, ao facto de a caraterização étnica do conflito ter sido sistematicamente excluída dos processos de gestão. Por conseguinte, com base nas conclusões deste livro, o Sudão do Sul continuará a sofrer de conflitos violentos inter-étnicos generalizados, a menos que as identidades étnicas sejam geridas nas negociações de paz conduzidas pela IGAD e incorporadas na estrutura do Estado e no sistema de governação.
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