A África sempre esteve sujeita à instabilidade. Com efeito, na segunda metade do século XX, assistiu-se a um recrudescimento dos conflitos armados violentos em grande escala a sul do Sara. Estes conflitos armados são o resultado de factores internos e externos e, a longo prazo, tornam-se permanentes. Esta permanência resulta, por vezes, dos sistemas políticos instituídos, que se concretizaram através da preponderância do Estado no jogo político, na procura de meios e na mobilização dos recursos nacionais com vista a assegurar o crescimento económico. Esta prática conduziu à centralização do poder e ao aparecimento de redes de nepotismo que dificilmente permitiram a participação das populações na gestão dos assuntos. Estes conflitos armados têm um impacto nos domínios económico, político, social, psicológico e cultural, bem como no ambiente. Contribuem para a desagregação das famílias e das comunidades. Os traumas causados pelas violações dos direitos humanos, nomeadamente a violência sexual contra as mulheres, podem ter efeitos psicológicos duradouros.
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