This book, drawing heavily on archival and oral sources, many of which have not been accessible before, discusses major Chinese-funded projects in Tanzania’s health sector. It explores the contexts that gave birth to China’s medical assistance in Tanzania and analyses how the funded projects contributed to the nation-building agenda and promoted South-South medical knowledge production, exchanges, and self-sufficiency within the country. By examining entanglements in bilateral relationships among countries of the Global South, the book contributes to research on South-South cooperation.